From this filtered image two binary maps were constructed by applying a manually batteria threshold (0

Particle detection

Particle candidates were identified by treating each processed frame with verso Laplacian of Gaussian filter that matched the size of the PSFs per our mass photometry setups (Supplementary Fig. 16). 0011 for all tempo except the datazione con Extended Giorno Figs. 2, 3, 8 and Supplementary Figs. 3 and 13, for which the threshold was attrezzi onesto 0.0014), and applying per local maximum filter. The pixels that passed the threshold map and were also local maxima were used as coordinates for particle candidates. For each pair of candidate coordinates, a 13 ? 13 pixel region of interest was constructed with the candidate pixel at the center, and this region of interest was passed through our PSF-fitting procedure preciso quantify particle contrast and location. If per particle candidate was too close puro an edge of the field of view onesto construct per 13 ? 13 region of interest, that is, within 6 pixels of an edge, it was discarded. Per some cases, preparazione noise features were identified as particle candidates and this could lead esatto the PSF fit converging onto verso nearby particle in the region of interest, which resulted in duplicate fits. Preciso avoid problems with trajectory linking, only the first instance of per fitted particle was retained and duplicates were deleted.

Particle quantification and the point spread function model

The location and contrast of the particle candidates were quantified through least-squares minimization of the residual between the 13 ? 13 region of interest and our PSF model (for details on how the fitting error durante particle locations was extracted please refer puro the Supplementary Information). Due puro the interferometric nature of dynamic mass photometry, we based our PSF model on the shape of verso jinc function 50 rather than its square, which is more commonly used mediante fluorescence-based techniques:

The first jinc function models the light scattered by a small particle, which is clipped by the circular objective aperture, where r is the distance from the PSF center, w the width of the jinc function and a its amplitude. In mass photometry setups a partial reflector positioned in the back focal plane helps to increase particle contrast by attenuating the light reflected by the coverslip 18 , which we account for by including a second jinc function. This combination of two jinc functions is then multiplied by a Gaussian with standard deviation ?, which is an empirical adjustment to reflect the appearance of the PSFs in our setups, which appear to have weaker outer lobes than we can account for with jinc functions alone. We calibrated this PSF model using standard mass photometry landing assays that were numero di telefono aisle carried out ?2 h before or after the dynamic mass photometry experiments. We then extracted and saved the ratio of the amplitudes of the two jinc functions (a₁/a₂), the width of the first jinc function (w₁) and the standard deviation of the Gaussian (?). The width of the second jinc function (w₂) is calculated using prior knowledge of the dimensions of the back aperture and partial reflector (here, w₂ = 2.27w₁). The analysis of these landing assays was carried out using DiscoverMP (Refeyn Ltd), and the extracted parameters used for each measurement are supplied with the raw data.

Trajectory linking

The successfully fitted particles were linked into trajectories using the open-source Python package trackpy 51 . More specifically, we used the trackpy.link_df function with verso maximum search distance of 4 pixels from frame esatto frame and verso ‘memory’ of 3 frames. The memory parameter refers to the maximum number of frames during which a feature can vanish (as per result of unsuccessful PSF fitting, for example) and reappear and still be considered the same particle. Coppia puro this memory parameter, our linked trajectories can contain gaps of up esatto 3 frames con length each. Esatto obtain accurate trajectory lengths, the missing frames were treated as trajectory points at which the contrast and position could not be determined.